RADAR — каталог возможностей ИИ

三星电子正以激进定价策略重返高带宽内存市场竞争前沿,将明年 HBM4 的供应报价定在每吉比特 4 美元中高区间,是现款旗舰 HBM3E 约 1.50 美元 / 吉比特价格的三倍以上,已启动与主要客户的年度合同谈判。该定价源于三星对 HBM4 性能优势的高度自信,其 HBM4 已稳定实现 11.7Gbps 的数据传输速率,峰值可达 13Gbps,处于业内最高水平,三星意图将高规格稳定供货能力转化为价格溢价,以性能差异化重塑 HBM 市场定价权。HBM4 登场标志着 HBM 市场竞争逻辑从比拼供货规模转向比拼产品性能,叠加全球 AI 基础设施投资扩张带来的 HBM 需求快速增长、供给扩张相对有限的供需格局,为三星的激进定价提供支撑。市场研究机构预测,受 HBM4 占比提升及供应短缺双重驱动,明年 HBM 平均售价将较今年上涨 121%,行业普遍预期 HBM 价格上行。随着三星加速扩大 HBM4 供应,此前由 SK 海力士主导的 HBM 市场竞争格局将进一步加剧,HBM4 时代的竞争将是性能、良率与量产能力的综合较量,三星能否将当前技术优势转化为市场份额回升,将是明年 HBM 市场的核心关注变量。

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HTTPS 协议

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HTTPS = HTTP + TLS协议/SSL协议,在 HTTP 基础上增加加密层,端口 443。 RFC 2818(2000)定义 HTTPS,实质是"HTTP over TLS"。 1. 网络拓

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用 Lume 写一个完整 CRM:Web 与 Agent 共用同一套业务逻辑

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lume-crm 是一个完全用 Lume 写的 CRM:数据库、REST API、LLM Agent、SSR 页面全由三份 .lume 文件撑起,Web 与 Agent 共用同一套业务逻辑,编译成一个

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Codex 中的 Current checkout 和 New worktree 怎么选?

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这是 Codex CLI 在问:新开的 conversation(会话)要在哪个 Git 工作区里执行? 1. Current checkout Keep using the current work

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喝了几十年水才懂:我买的从来不是水,而是这4层需求

人人都是产品经理

自驾出门前把车里暴晒过的水拿来擦玻璃,顺手买了箱怡宝,结账发现比农夫山泉便宜五毛,这才开始琢磨瓶装水的差价到底差在哪。查完资料他总结出四层需求:解渴、口感、信任、场景,品牌靠不同标准、水源故事和场景标签,一层层把价格撑起来。每次出去穿越,后备箱都会码上1-2箱水。出发前我会把车里长时间暴晒的水,用来擦前挡风玻璃。我媳妇说我:“太浪费,这些不能再喝吗?”。我随口说:晒太长时间了,喝了会不好吧? 其实,我也不知道这么说对不对? 我俩开车去买农夫山泉红盖,结果没货,就买了怡宝。结账时发现价格比农夫便宜不少,回到车上一算:单瓶便宜了5毛。心里挺触动,都是瓶装水, 不同品牌的差价也不少 ,这差在哪了呢? 喝了几十年水,从来没认真想过这2件事: 瓶装水放车里,长时间暴晒,还能再喝吗? 我花钱买的水,到底在为什么买单? 查了查资料以及和我夫人边开车边聊的观点,挺有意思的结论就写下来。第1个问题 :我特意查过央视和市监局的科普,正规PET瓶没开封短期暴晒,根本不会释放毒素,能喝。要注意的是开封后的水不能再高温下放太久,容易滋生细菌。第2个问题 :我买的从来不是水,是厂家按照不同人的需求,把水分成了一层一层的产品。我掏的钱,本质上就是落在了那一层需求付的。每层卖的东西不一样,价格差自然就出来了我总结下来,有4层需求,对应4层产品,每层有个价格带,都对应一套心智打法。第一层:基础需求(解渴) 这是水的底层功能,也是所有人的刚需,喝完后能解我的渴。瓶装纯净水:执行标准GB17323 ,代表品牌怡宝、娃哈哈、农夫山泉。在这层,厂家不怎么讲故事和概念,靠成本、渠道、容量取胜。这层市场份额占比37.8%(2026年最新行业报告口径)是最高的,但年增速放缓,价格战、拼容量是最激烈的。我还专门去超市看了下:农夫山泉绿盖是550ml,怡宝白盖是555ml,娃哈哈白盖是596ml。厂家让你站在货架前选产品的时,没法心算毫升差价,让你觉得“多点容量贵点也正常”或者“同样价格选容量多一些的”。第二层:体验需求(口感好、天然感) 当解渴需求满足后,人就愿意为“好喝、更天然”多花钱。这一层的核心差异是:感知从解渴到了口感层级。有一个标杆案例:农夫山泉经典红瓶。很多人喝,以为是矿泉水,其实它的标准是国标GB19298,属于饮用天然水。它的产品宣传语太妙了—“我们不生产水,只是大自然的搬运工”,直接把“天然、山泉、健康”打进了用户的心智,用户天然觉得:它比纯净水更健康、口感更好、更原生态,愿意为这个感知多花几毛到1块。它的产品宣传语太妙了—“我们不生产水,只是大自然的搬运工”,直接把“天然、山泉、健康”打进了用户的心智,用户天然觉得:它比纯净水更健康、口感更好、更原生态,愿意为这个感知多花几毛到1块。农夫山泉红盖,是这层需求里的王者。第三层:信任需求(源头可信、心里放心) 这层是瓶装水的核心战场,也是营销用户心智比较深的一层,售卖价格更高。人的需求升级到“信任”:尤其给孩子喝、肠胃敏感人,愿意为水源地故事、无污染,多付更高的价格。这一层有2个打法,都是占领用户心智的经典操作: 打法1:用资质做护城河—天然矿泉水代表品牌有:百岁山、昆仑山、农夫山泉的长白雪等。这是真正的矿泉水,执行标准国标GB8537,是国家认定的液体矿产,厂家要有采矿许可证,门槛极高。厂家宣传主打:深层岩泉、天然矿物质,用户看到“矿泉水”,天然愿意多付价格,资质本身就是最好的心智信任。打法2:用故事占心智—优质天然水代表品牌有:百岁山、昆仑山、农夫山泉的长白雪等。这是真正的矿泉水,执行标准国标GB8537,是国家认定的液体矿产,厂家要有采矿许可证,门槛极高。厂家宣传主打:深层岩泉、天然矿物质,用户看到“矿泉水”,天然愿意多付价格,资质本身就是最好的心智信任。打法2:用故事占心智—优质天然水用极致的水源地故事,把用户的信任感拉满。很多厂家拿不到GB8537资质,就会走另外一条路: 有一个标杆案例: 厂子建在日喀则海拔4000多米的高原上,当地人叫“云端工厂”的德朗玛。水源引自冈底斯山脉5780米冰川融水,经玄武岩层自然渗滤,周边没有工业,没有生活污染,这也就造就了它的水底子比较好。它属于国标GB19298饮用天然水,但水质却很接近国标GB8537的制定标准。百岁山是国标GB8537的代表品牌,属于“资质背书型”,对应上面说的第三层:用资质做护城河—天然矿泉水。德朗玛额外标注的低氘值、水分子半峰宽,不属于国标强制检测项,是水源特性的宣传点,属于 “故事型标注”,对应第三层: 用故事占心智—优质天然水。我在京东上买了一箱德朗玛,平均下来3.3元/瓶,价格不算高,也能接受。我喝过的感觉是:没有那种明显的矿物味,入口偏软、不涩,还有点淡淡的甜味。不是加了糖的那种甜,是冰川水本身自带的清甜味。第四层:场景需求(功能道具、社交标签) 当水脱离了“喝”的本身,变成某场景里的一个道具时,价格会再上一个台阶。比较典型的就是运动电解质水,它执行的标准是GB15266,当然也有一些品牌用的是自己企业的标准,它本质上是饮料。代表品牌有:脉动、外星人电解质水、宝矿力水特等。还有农夫山泉高端玻璃瓶、生肖限定款,结婚定制款等,主打商务接待,其本质就不是水了,而是社交道具了。切一个小的场景,单独做产品,单独定价。宣传主打“专业、适配场景”, 让用户觉得“这个场景就该喝这个”,心甘情愿付高价 ,这些都是给心智增加Buff。大家会为这些分层买单吗? 会买。分层的逻辑从来不是因为产品稀缺,是因为人的需求在分层。纯净水越普及、越便宜,第一层的“渴”的需求越被彻底满足,人就会往上追求口感、信任感、场景感。一块多的纯净水到处都是,但两三块的天然水、五块左右的矿泉水、8块左右的电解质水反而卖的越来越好, 底层越饱和,上层的差异化就越值钱。写到最后水的本质就是H2O,核心使命是解渴。高价不等于高级,广告语不等于事实。搞懂自己的真实需求,就不会被产品包装带偏。以上只是我个人的拆解,不针对那个品牌,也不替谁背书。本文由人人都是产品经理作者【王在行】,微信公众号:【王在行】,原创/授权发布于人人都是产品经理,未经许可,禁止转载题图来自Unsplash,基于 CC0 协议

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Creating Convenient Mealtimes With a Skilled Home Chef

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Preparing meals every day can take a considerable amount of time, especially when a household has several people with different schedules. Planning menus, purchasing ingredients, preparing food, and keeping the kitchen organized can quickly turn into a demanding routine. A skilled home chef can bring structure to this part of household life. However, finding someone suitable involves more than checking whether a person can cook. Their experience, working style, flexibility, cleanliness, and ability to understand family preferences all deserve attention. Understand Your Family's Routine Before beginning the search, think about how meals currently fit into the household schedule. Some families need breakfast prepared early in the morning, while others place greater importance on lunch or dinner. Working parents may require meals to be ready at specific times, while families with children might need additional snacks or simple dishes between regular meals. Consider the number of people who will be eating regularly and whether everyone follows the same schedule. If guests frequently visit, that can also influence the responsibilities of the cook. Writing these requirements down can make the recruitment process more focused and help candidates understand what the position involves. Match Cooking Experience With Your Menu Cooking experience is most useful when it relates to the type of food a household actually enjoys. Ask candidates about the dishes they have prepared in previous positions. You might discuss traditional Pakistani meals, rice dishes, breads, grilled foods, desserts, breakfast items, or international recipes depending on your family's preferences. It can also be helpful to ask how comfortable they are with following recipes. A cook who can adapt to different instructions may be more useful than someone who prefers preparing the same familiar dishes. If the household has particular recipes that are regularly served, explain those expectations during the interview. Pay Attention to Kitchen Organization A capable cook should be able to manage ingredients and equipment in an orderly way. Kitchen organization can influence how efficiently meals are prepared. Someone who prepares ingredients thoughtfully and cleans as they work may help maintain a more manageable cooking environment. Discuss expectations regarding washing dishes, cleaning preparation areas, storing ingredients, and maintaining kitchen equipment. These responsibilities can vary between households, so assumptions should be avoided. Food hygiene should also be part of the conversation. Proper handling and storage of ingredients are important aspects of responsible food preparation. Discuss the Role in Detail Families considering how to Hire cook in Islamabad should describe the position clearly before making a final decision. Explain the expected working hours, number of meals, usual menu, shopping responsibilities, and any additional kitchen-related duties. If the cook will occasionally prepare food for guests or special family events, that should also be mentioned. This conversation gives candidates an opportunity to decide whether the role suits their experience and availability. It also helps employers avoid misunderstandings later. A person hired primarily for cooking may not automatically expect responsibilities such as grocery shopping or extensive kitchen cleaning unless these duties have been discussed. Consider Flexibility With Menus A household's menu does not always remain the same. Family members may request different meals, seasonal ingredients may become available, or special occasions may require something outside the normal routine. A flexible cook can make these changes easier to manage. During an interview, ask candidates how they approach unfamiliar recipes or changes to a planned menu. Their response can indicate whether they are comfortable learning new dishes and adjusting their preparation methods. Flexibility does not mean expecting unlimited responsibilities. The role should still have reasonable boundaries and clearly communicated expectations. Evaluate Reliability and Communication A home chef may have an important place in the household's daily schedule, making punctuality particularly relevant. If dinner needs to be ready before family members leave for evening activities, or breakfast must be prepared before school and work, delays can affect the entire routine. Communication is equally valuable. A cook should be comfortable informing the employer when ingredients are unavailable, additional preparation time is needed, or a requested dish requires clarification. References from previous employers can provide useful information about attendance, reliability, cooking ability, and general workplace behavior. Talk About Shopping Responsibilities Some households expect their cook to purchase ingredients, while others prefer to handle grocery shopping themselves. If shopping is part of the position, clarify how often it will be required and how the process will work. Discuss whether the cook will prepare a shopping list, purchase items independently, or receive specific instructions from the employer. Budget expectations should also be clear. Keeping receipts or maintaining a simple record of purchases can make household expense management easier. These details may seem minor, but establishing them before employment begins can prevent confusion. Give the Cook Time to Learn Even an experienced professional may need time to understand a new family's preferences. The cook might need to learn how much spice the household prefers, which dishes children enjoy, how meals should be served, and where particular ingredients and utensils are kept. Providing clear feedback during the initial period can help the cook adjust without feeling uncertain about expectations. A gradual introduction to household recipes can also be useful. Once the cook becomes familiar with the family's routine, meal preparation may become more efficient and consistent. Maintain a Respectful Working Relationship Household employment works best when expectations are clear and communication remains respectful. Employers should explain concerns directly and give reasonable instructions, while the cook should communicate when something is unclear or difficult to complete within the agreed schedule. Regular communication can help small issues get resolved before they become larger problems. The goal is not simply to find someone who can prepare good food. A successful arrangement combines cooking ability with reliability, organization, adaptability, and an understanding of the household's routine. By defining responsibilities, discussing menus, checking experience, and establishing practical working terms, families can create a dependable mealtime routine that makes everyday life in Islamabad more convenient without making the role unnecessarily complicated.

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AI한테 존댓말 쓰면 돈이 더 들까? 반말·반존대·극존대 토큰 직접 재봤다

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챗GPT나 클로드한테 말 걸 때, 반말로 하시나요 존댓말로 하시나요? 저는 습관처럼 "~해 주시면 감사하겠습니다"까지 붙여 왔는데, 문득 궁금해졌습니다. AI는 글을 토큰 단위로 세고 API 요금도 토큰으로 받습니다. 그럼 공손하게 쓰는 만큼 돈도 더 나가는 걸까요? 그래서 직접 재봤습니다. 결론부터 말하면 극존대는 반말보다 토큰이 약 1.5배 듭니다. 반존대는 거의 차이가 없습니다. 어떻게 쟀나 자주 쓰는 요청 5개를 세 가지 말투로 썼습니다. 반말: 요약해 줘 반존대: 요약해 줘요 극존대: 요약해 주시면 정말 감사하겠습니다 비교용으로 영어도 같이 썼습니다. 토큰은 GPT-4o 이후 OpenAI 모델이 쓰는 o200k_base 토크나이저로 셌습니다. import { getEncoding } from "js-tiktoken"; const enc = getEncoding("o200k_base"); const count = (s) => enc.encode(s).length; count("아래 고객 이메일 세 줄로 요약해 줘."); // 13 count("아래 고객 이메일 세 줄로 요약해 줘요."); // 14 count("아래 고객님의 이메일을 세 줄로 요약해 주시면 정말 감사하겠습니다."); // 19 결과 요청 반말 반존대 극존대 영어 이메일 세 줄 요약 13 14 19 11 코드 버그 찾기 14 15 28 14 영어로 번역 15 16 20 8 소개 문구 5개 18 19 28 9 회의록 표로 정리 19 20 25 14 합계 79 84 120 56 반말 대비 1.00배 1.06배 1.52배 0.71배 실제로 쓴 문장은 이렇습니다(코드 버그 찾기). 반말: 이 코드에서 버그 찾아서 고치는 법 알려 줘. → 14토큰 반존대: 이 코드에서 버그 찾아서 고치는 법 알려 줘요. → 15토큰 극존대: 이 코드에서 버그가 있는 부분을 찾아 주시고, 수정 방법을 알려 주시면 대단히 감사드리겠습니다. → 28토큰 알게 된 것 1. 반존대는 사실상 공짜입니다. "요" 한 글자가 붙어서 문장당 딱 1토큰 늘었습니다. 말투가 신경 쓰이면 반존대로 써도 비용 차이는 거의 없습니다. 2. 극존대는 꼬리말이 비쌉니다. " 주시면 대단히 감사드리겠습니다" 같은 꼬리말이 문장마다 5 14토큰씩 붙었습니다. 공손하게 쓰면 "고객님의", "정도", "대단히"처럼 말이 자연스럽게 늘어나는 것도 한몫합니다. 이번 측정은 그렇게 실제로 쓰는 문장 그대로 잰 것이라, 어미만 바꾼 순수한 차이는 이보다 조금 작습니다. 3. 그래도 가장 큰 차이는 언어입니다. 반말로 아무리 줄여도 영어보다 1.41배 많습니다. 극존대와 영어를 비교하면 2.14배입니다. 돈으로 따지면 한 번 물어볼 때는 몇 토큰 차이라 의미가 없습니다. 차이가 나는 건 매번 반복해서 보내는 문장 입니다. 서비스에 넣어 둔 시스템 프롬프트 자동화에서 반복 호출하는 지시문 코딩 에이전트에 매번 붙는 규칙 파일 이런 문장을 극존대로 써 뒀다면 반말이나 짧은 명령형으로 바꾸기만 해도 그 부분 입력 토큰이 약 3분의 1 줄어듭니다. 영어로 바꾸면 더 줄어듭니다. 존댓말을 쓰면 답이 더 좋아질까? 이번에는 비용만 쟀습니다. 공손하게 물으면 답의 품질이 좋아진다는 이야기도 있는데, 그건 따로 실험해야 하는 문제라 여기서는 판단하지 않겠습니다. 다만 짧고 분명한 지시가 오히려 답을 정확하게 만든다는 경험담도 많으니, 정중함보다는 무엇을 원하는지 구체적으로 쓰는 데 토큰을 쓰는 게 낫다고 생각합니다. 한계 요청 5개, 토크나이저 하나(o200k)로 잰 결과입니다. Claude와 Gemini는 토크나이저가 달라서 숫자는 다르게 나옵니다. 극존대 문장은 제가 쓴 표현이라, 사람마다 어떻게 쓰느냐에 따라 차이가 더 크거나 작을 수 있습니다. 내 문장도 재보기 평소 쓰는 프롬프트를 토큰세이브 토큰 계산기 에 붙여 넣으면 토큰 수와 모델별 비용이 바로 나옵니다. 💸 토큰 절약 버튼을 누르면 공백·군더더기를 정리하고 영어로 바꾼 뒤 "Reply in Korean."을 붙여 줘서, 답은 한국어로 받으면서 토큰을 줄일 수 있습니다. 가입은 필요 없고, 입력한 글은 브라우저 밖으로 나가지 않습니다. 한국어가 영어보다 토큰이 얼마나 더 드는지는 여기 에 정리해 뒀습니다.

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